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2010 Connecticut Coastal 4Band Aerial Photography Project

Metadata:


Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: PhotoScience, Inc (data compiler)
Originator: State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (data maintainer and publisher)
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
2010 Connecticut Coastal 4Band Aerial Photography Project
Edition: 2010
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: SDE raster digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Hartford, CT
Publisher: State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Online_Linkage: http://www.ct.gov/deep
Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: PhotoScience, Inc. is the collector and creator of the data (compiler). The State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection is maintainer and producer (publisher) of this data for use.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography Project
Edition: 2010
Other_Citation_Details:
The 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Imagery Project includes the following products: 821 individual, unrectified 4-band images; 589 4-band orthorectifed images compiled from the indivudual images; photo capture points; orthorectified mosiac lines; FGDC compliant metadata for all GIS-based products; and project documentation (QA/QC reports, accuracy analysis, Aerial triangulation and ground survey reports.) The project was made possible through the NOAA Coastal Services Center Coastal Geospatial Services Contract (CGSC), a FAR Part 36, Architectural and Engineering Contract vehicle to provide geospatial services.
Description:
Abstract:
The 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography is 1:12,000-scale, 4-band (red, green, blue, and near infrared) tide controlled orthorectified imagery.   These data were compiled from a set of 821 individual vertical aerial images taken over 3 distinct days during a June 15 to September 15, 2010 flight window.  The indivudual orthophotos have been subsequently mosaicked into a composite that can be configured to show either true color or color infrared versions of the coastal landscape.

The geographic extent (~320 sq mi) of the photography includes: 
* all land areas within one-thousand (1000) feet of Mean High Water (MHW) and within one-thousand (1000) feet of state-regulated tidal wetlands;
* an area of at least two-thousand (2000) feet waterward of the immediate shoreline of Long Island Sound in order to clearly depict the interface between the shorelands and coastal waters;  
* all offshore islands within the territorial borders of the State of Connecticut including Goose Island and Falkner Island (offshore of Branford); Calf Islands and Great Captain Island (offshore of Greenwich); Norwalk Islands (offshore of Norwalk); Thimble Islands (offshore of Branford); Sandy Point (offshore of Stonington); and all islands in the Connecticut part of Fishers Island Sound; and  
* the main stem of the Connecticut River up to the Massachusetts State line.  

To maximize the quality of the images and their contents, photography also conformed to the following flight specifications:
* photos were only taken during times of no/minimal cloud cover when lighting and weather conditions optimized the data collection;   
* solar altitude was no more than 65 degrees and no less than 30 degrees;
* the ground detail was not obscured by flooding; 
* the foliage (salt marsh vegetation in particular) was fully developed;
* seasonal conditions (summer) favored maximum human use/recreation activities (e.g., boats & temporary docks/structures in water, etc.)
* photo times were planned within 1 hour window before or after a predicted low tide based on National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicted tide tables.
* Forward overlap is 60% and side image overlap is 30%
* Crab and Tilt do not exceed 5 degrees.

The individual aerial photos were first orthorectifed and mosaicked into grid-based system provided by the State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.   Adjacent tiles are edgematched with no gaps.  Temporal and seasonal differences between source images were minimized to avoid incongruence across join lines. When a mosaic of source images was made, the image judged by visual inspection to have the best contrast was used as the reference image. The brightness values of the other images were adjusted to match that of the reference image. The join lines between the overlapping images were hosen to minimize tonal variations. Localized adjustment of the brightness values were performed to minimize tonal differences between join areas. 

Subsequent mocaicking took the individual orthophotos and combined them into a project-wide composite.

The ground resolution of the imagery is approximately 1 ft per pixel.  Data is compiled at 1:12,000 scale. This data is not updated.
Purpose:
The 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography is 1:12,000-scale 4 band (red, green, blue, & near infrared) tide controlled imagery.  It depicts land use, natural resources, vegetation, and other features and characteristics in the immediate shoreline areas of Connecticut during the summer of 2010 within one hour of a predicted low tide both in true color or color infrared, depending on the band configuration.  Use this layer as photo representation for depicting coastal features/landscapes or to analyze the landscape, features, or activities of the coastal area.  

NOTE: This data is georeferenced, so it can be combined with other GIS data with real world coordinates.  An un-rectified version of this data (2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Imagery) constituting the source data for the orthophtography is also available for use.
Supplemental_Information:
The imagery exists as 1:12,000 4-band (red, green, blue, near infrared) multispectral images.  When bands are configured as follows: red = 1, green = 2, blue = 3, the imagery will render as true color - the same color the human eye naturally discerns.  When bands are configured as follows: red = 4, green = 1, blue = 2, the imagery will render as color infrared.

A digital orthophoto is a digital image of an aerial photograph in which displacements caused by the camera and the terrain have been removed. It combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. A digital orthophoto has the same scale throughout and can be used as a map for measuring distances, calculating areas, determining the shape of features, and reading coordinate locations, for example. Digital orthophotos provide the necessary background (base map) layer information to which other spatial data layers are registered or created.  The process of creating an orthophoto, orthorectification, corrects the geometry of a aerial photo image so that it appears as though each pixel were acquired from directly overhead. Orthorectification uses elevation data to correct terrain distortion in aerial or satellite imagery.

Color infrared photography, often called false color photography because it renders the scene in other than the normal colors seen by the human eye, is widely used for interpretation of natural resources.  Atmospheric haze does not interfere with the acquisition of the image, therefore is well suited to aerial photography.  Because the film is high speed and subject to degrees of degradation in handling before exposure, the aerial photographs can vary in overall tone.  This variability can complicate the interpretation of color tones between photographs, but some general guidelines can be given to aid the inexperienced interpreter. 

* The red tone of color infrared aerial photographs is almost always associated with live vegetation. Very intense reds indicate vegetation which is growing vigorously and is quite dense.  Knowledge of the vigor and density of vegetation is important to the interpretation of the red colors on color infrared aerial photography. 

* As the vigor and density of vegetation decreases, the tones may change to light reds and pinks. If plant density becomes low enough the faint reds may be overcome by the tones of the soils on which the plants are growing. The ground areas in this case will appear in shades of white, blue, or green depending on the kind of soil and its moisture content. As plant vigor decreases, the vegetation will show as lighter shades of red and pink, various shades of greens, and possible tans.  Dead vegetation will often be shades of greens or tans. 

* Bare soils will appear as shades of white, blue, or green in most agricultural regions.  In general, the more moist the soil the darker the shade of that particular soil color. Composition of the soil will affect the color tones shown on the photographs.  Dry sand will appear white and, with more moisture, may be very light gray or possibly light tan.  Clayey soils will generally be darker in color than sands and tend toward tans and bluegreens.  Again, wetter clays will be darker shades of the same tones.  Soils high in organic matter, like silts and loams will be even darker in color, and usually in shades of blues and greens.  Wet organic soils can be very dark blue or green in the aerial photographs. 

* Man-made features will show in the tones that relate to the materials they are made of.  Asphalt roads, for example, will be dark blue or black, gravel or dirt roads will show as lighter colors, depending on the soil materials involved in their composition, and concrete roads will appear light in tone, assuming clean concrete.  The buildings and streets of towns can be considered in a similar manner, their color dependent on the material they are made of. 

* Water will appear as shades of blue, varying from nearly black to very pale blue.  Clear, clean water will appear nearly black.  As the amount of sediment increases, the color becomes increasingly lighter blue.  Very shallow water will often appear as the material present in the bottom of the stream.  For example, a very shallow stream with a sandy bottom will appear white due to the high level of reflection of the sand. 

* Degraded film will result in photographs which have an overall blue or green cast.  When that occurs, the interpretation must consider what that overall cast will do to a "normal" rendition of the scene. 

(Description and guidelines for color infrared photography taken from the United States Geological Survey Aerial Photo FAQ web page, http://edc.usgs.gov/guides/news/aerialfaq.htmlt#A10)
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20100615
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20100618
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20100619
Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -73.681835
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -71.802703
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.052120
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.970596
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the Identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the Outlying Areas of The United States, and Associated Areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Place_Keyword: Connecticut
Place_Keyword: CT
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions (Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Place_Keyword: United States of America
Place_Keyword: USA
Access_Constraints: None. The data is in the public domain and may be redistributed. Please include this metadata record in any redistributions.
Use_Constraints:
No restrictions or legal prerequisites for using the data. The data is suitable for use at appropriate scale, and is not intended for maps printed at scales greater or more detailed than 1:12,000 scale (1 inch = 1,000 feet). Although this data set has been used by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection as to the accuracy of the data and or related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection in the use of these data or related materials. The user assumes the entire risk related to the use of these data. Once the data is distributed to the user, modifications made to the data by the user should be noted in the metadata. When printing this data on a map or using it in a software application, analysis, or report, please acknowledge the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection as the source for this information. For example, include the following data source description when printing this layer on a map: "2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography, compiled by PhotoScience, Inc. and published by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection. Source map scale is 1:12,000."
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Contact_Person: Kevin O'Brien
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
79 Elm St.
City: Hartford
State_or_Province: CT
Postal_Code: 06106-5127
Country: US
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 860-424-3034
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 860-424-4054
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dep.gisdata@po.state.ct.us
Hours_of_Service: Monday to Friday, 08:30 to 16:30 Eastern Standard Time
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.cteco.uconn.edu/metadata/dep/browsegraphic/orthophoto2010coastcolordetailview.jpg
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
2010 Coastal Detail View - Color
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.cteco.uconn.edu/metadata/dep/browsegraphic/orthophoto2010coastcirdetailview.jpg
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
2010 Coastal Detail View - Color Infrared
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.cteco.uconn.edu/metadata/dep/browsegraphic/orthophoto2010coastcolorcirdetailview.jpg
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
2010 Coastal Detail View - Color / Color Infrared
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.cteco.uconn.edu/metadata/dep/browsegraphic/orthophoto2010coastcirdatacoveragethumbnail.jpg
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
2010 Coastal Data Coverage - Color Infrared
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://www.cteco.uconn.edu/metadata/dep/browsegraphic/orthophoto2010coastcolordatacoveragethumbnail.jpg
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
2010 Coastal Data Coverage - Color
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Data_Set_Credit:
Photoscience, Inc., of Lexington, KY performed the 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Imagery Project via an MOU between the State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and the NOAA Coastal Services Center as part of the Coastal Geospatial Services Contract (CGSC), a FAR Part 36, Architectural and Engineering Contract vehicle to provide geospatial services.
Security_Information:
Security_Classification_System: None
Security_Classification: Unclassified
Security_Handling_Description: None
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
Aerial Imagery
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Aerial Imagery
Issue_Identification: 7525-037: Conneticut Shoreline
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Lexington, KY
Publisher: Photo Science, Inc.
Back to Top
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
RMSE Requirements needed here.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Compliance with the required horizontal accuracy standard is supported by the placement of photo identifiable ground control points and the collection of airborne GPS and IMU data during the aerial missions. Horizontal accuracy was validated by comparing the ground control values (X,Y) of each photo identifiable ground control point obtained using survey grade GPS with its corresponding values (X,Y) measured from the final orthophoto. An overall horizontal RMSE x or y value was then calculated to verify compliance with the required horizontal accuracy not to exceed 4 foot RMSE X or Y. All GeoTIFF tagged data and image file sizes are validated using commercial GIS software to ensure proper loading before being archived.   This validation procedure ensures correct physical format and field values for tagged elements.  Seamlines and tile edges are visually inspected.
Completeness_Report:
The 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography is complete in the sense that it accurately reflects the content from the 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Imagery Project available at the time Photoscience, Inc. created the data.  However, compared to current conditions, the 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography may be incomplete. This data is not updated.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Spatial Information Solution's Accuracy Analyst was used to check 36 ground control points.  The generated report is available upon request.
Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 8.28
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation:
CE95 in feet
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
There is no vertical component for this set of orthoimagery.
Quantitative_Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation:
There is no vertical component for this set of orthoimagery.
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
Flight Plan
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
publication date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
PLAN
Source_Contribution:
Planned Photo Centers.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
RAWs
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Multiple_Dates/Times:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20100615
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20100618
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20100619
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Ground Condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
RAWs
Source_Contribution:
Digital stereoscopic aerial imagery was obtained using a large format Zeiss/Intergraph Digital Mapping Camera (DMC) over 3 flight dates comprised of 4 missions. Aerial imagery was supplemented with the simultaneous acquisition of airborne GPS/IMU data, which captured the ground coordinate for the nadir point of each photograph. Aerial imagery was exposed at an altitude of approximately 9800' above mean terrain yielding an approximate GSD of 1 ft. The aerial images are used to AT the project and in the production of orthophotos.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
Ground Control Points
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
GCP
Source_Contribution:
Photo Science, Inc. established a combination of photo identifiable and limited targeted ground control points to create a digital control file and control report used in the ortho production and QA processes. Predefined points within each collection block were measured using a combination of GPS and conventional survey techniques. These points along with their precise coordinates and elevations were used in the AT process and to check the horizontal accuracy of the resulting orthophotos. The X and Y coordinates were expressed in CT SPCS NAD83, US Survey Feet and Z elevation were expressed in NAVD 1988, US Survey Feet.  A total of 41 control points were.  Details of the Ground Control Survey Phase can be found in Photo Science's full control report.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
External Orientation
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
EO
Source_Contribution:
Exterior Orientation (EO) Parameters (x,y,z,omega,phi,kappa) are produced to provide precise photocenter locations for each frame of imagery.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
Aerotriangulation Report
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
AT Report
Source_Contribution:
SoftCopy Aerotriangulation is a computer process of densifying the ground control network from locations in a few of the digital images to numerous points in each digital image that is to be used in the mapping process. This process is dependent on the location and coordinate positions of the ABGPS and GPS photo control points as well as a precise camera calibration for the DMC camera used to capture the images.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: NOAA Coastal Services Center for the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Publication_Date: 2000
Title:
LiDAR Digital Elevation Model Surface
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2000
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
DEM
Source_Contribution:
The LIDAR elevation data used for the rectification of the orthophotos was provided by NOAA Coastal Services Center for the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Photo Science, Inc.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title:
Orthophotography Tiles
Online_Linkage: http://www.ct.gov/deep
Type_of_Source_Media: stable-based media
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
Publication Date
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
TILES
Source_Contribution:
The tiled orthophoto is the result of mosaicking orthorectified imagery and using the tile definition to cut into manageable, usable orthophotos.
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: State of Connecticut, Deprt of Environmental Protection
Publication_Date: 2011
Title:
Orthophoto Mosaic
Online_Linkage: http://www.ct.gov/deep
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 2010
Source_Currentness_Reference:
ground condition
Source_Citation_Abbreviation:
MOSAIC
Source_Contribution:
The orthophoto mosaic is the result of mosaicking orthorectified imagery into a composite project wide dataset.
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Imagery Acquisition:

A set of 821 individual aerial photos were taken over 3 distinct days during a June 15 to September 15, 2010 flight window. The geographic extent (~320 sq mi) of the photography includes: 
* all land areas within one-thousand (1000) feet of Mean High Water (MHW) and within one-thousand (1000) feet of state-regulated tidal wetlands;
* an area of at least two-thousand (2000) feet waterward of the immediate shoreline of Long Island Sound in order to clearly depict the interface between the shorelands and coastal waters;  
* all offshore islands within the territorial borders of the State of Connecticut including Goose Island and Falkner Island (offshore of Branford); Calf Islands and Great Captain Island (offshore of Greenwich); Norwalk Islands (offshore of Norwalk); Thimble Islands (offshore of Branford); Sandy Point (offshore of Stonington); and all islands in the Connecticut part of Fishers Island Sound; and  
* the main stem of the Connecticut River up to the Massachusetts State line.  

To maximize the quality of the images and their contents, photography also conformed to the following flight specifications:
* photos were only taken during times of no/minimal cloud cover when lighting and weather conditions optimized the data collection;   
* solar altitude was no more than 65 degrees and no less than 30 degrees;
* the ground detail was not obscured by flooding; 
* the foliage (salt marsh vegetation in particular) was fully developed;
* seasonal conditions (summer) favored maximum human use/recreation activities (e.g., boats & temporary docks/structures in water, etc.)
* photo times were planned within 1 hour window before or after a predicted low tide based on National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicted tide tables.
* Forward overlap will be 60% and side image overlap will be 30%
* Crab and Tilt will not exceed 5 degrees.  

All flight plans were approved by CTDEP prior to flight operations.

Flight Info: 

Flight # 1 on 6/15/2010 
* Date: 06/15/2010
* Time: 8:10AM - 11:47 (EST) 
* Aircraft #: N62923
* Camera Type: DMC
* Camera Serial #: 131
* Focal Length (mm): 120
* # Flight Lines: 10 lines were flown (see flight logs)
* AbGPS and IMU were used to obtain the omega, phi and kappa values

Flight #1 on 6/18/2010
* Date: 06/18/2010
* Time: 8:38 - 11:20 (EST)
* Aircraft #: N62923
* Camera Type: DMC
* Camera Serial #: 131
* Focal Length (mm): 120
* # Flight Lines: 14 lines were flown (see flight logs)
* AbGPS and IMU were used to obtain the omega, phi and kappa values

Flight #2 on 6/18/2010
* Date: 06/18/2010
* Time: 2:00 -  3:29 (EST)
* Aircraft #: N62923
* Camera Type: DMC
* Camera Serial #: 131
* Focal Length (mm): 120
* # Flight Lines: 4 lines were flown (see flight logs)
* AbGPS and IMU were used to obtain the omega, phi and kappa values

Flight # 1 on 6/19/2010
* Date: 06/19/2010
* Time: 10:43 - 11:25 (EST)
* Aircraft #: N62923
* Camera Type: DMC
* Camera Serial #: 131
* Focal Length (mm): 120
* # Flight Lines: 3 lines were flown (see flight logs)
* AbGPS and IMU were used to obtain the omega, phi and kappa values

All flight data was QA/QC inspected by PhotoScience Inc. and the NOAA Coastal Services Center prior to shipment to the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection for final QA/QC.  No areas were required to be reflown.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
PLAN
Process_Date: 20100915
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation:
RAWs
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Ground Surveying: Ground Control points were collected from July 10, 2010 to July 14, 2010 by P. Hrabak of Photo Science, Inc..  A total of 41 Photo Identifiable (PID's) features were collected for this project.  Static GPS observation sessions were of 30 minutes apiece, using a Trimble 5700 receiver and a Zephyr Geodetic antenna on a 2.0 meter fixed height tripod.  PDOP prediction was accomodated, only collecting data when values were predicted to be less than 4.0 and with 6 or more satellites, using an elevation mask of 15 degrees.  A data log sheet was filled out on each occupation.  Four photographs were taken of each point from four different directions.  High-contrast corners of pavement, especially concrete adjoining dark asphalt or grass, were favored, and were selected in evenly-spaced, open, well-exposed areas where the planned aerial imagery footprints had maximum overlap.  See the full Survey Report for more details.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
PLAN
Process_Date: 2010
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation:
GCP
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Aerotriangulation: Softcopy aerotriangulation was performed by Photo Science to supplement and extend ground control and ABGPS / IMU control data. Aerotriangulation constructs a detailed model of the position of each pass point and provides residuals (and blunders) at all photo control locations. The end result is not only the referenced image, but also a coordinate listing of all of the points and corresponding residuals.  This process enabled photogrammetric production of the orthophotography requirements. According to the scope of work, accuracy is stated: Positional Accuracy should be at least as good as the National Map Accuracy Standards for the nominal scale of the output.  The AT computations were based on a projection of the Conneticut State Plane Coordinate System and a datum of NAD83. Vertical computations were based NAVD88. All final coordinate and elevation values were expressed in US Survey Feet. A digital image of the aerial photography was utilized to compare and measure the coordinates of selected pass points, (min. 9 per image) with the exception of end images, which have a minimum of 6 per image. Pass points were either dark spots on the ground, corner intersections of sidewalks, rocks, or road lines to name a few. These pass points and any ground based photo control points were measured using the calibration statistics to adjust measurements for the specific camera characteristics. Computer routines (relative and absolute) provide analysis of all pass points, tie points, ABGPS and photo control points. Once all strips were checked for completeness, the strips were assembled into a block where a second degree block adjustment was run along with the full least squares bundle adjustment. Once the last set of blunders and adjustments are complete, a final block bundle adjustment is run to produce the final solution using a rigorous simultaneous least squares bundle adjustment. The bundle adjustment was then run with minimal ground control to test the photogrammetric measurements for consistency. Next, the full ground control data set, including the ABGPS data, was added to the adjustment. The horizontal control was then tightened and the effect on the vertical control and the photogrammetric residuals were inspected. Results of the Aerotriangulation Phase can be found in Photo Science's AT reports.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
RAWs, GCP, EO
Process_Date: 2010
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation:
AT Report
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Digitial Orthophoto Processing: The ortho rectification process required as input a digital elevation model (DEM), imagery (RAW), camera calibration and aerotriangulation exterior orientation file (AT Report). The orthorectified imagery was produced using Intergraph OrthoPro software. It uses ImageStation Photogrammetric Manager (ISPM) for photogrammetry project setup, file management, and importing triangulation data from a user defined ASCII file (EO). The ortho project recorded all the operations, including all the parameters that are defined through the OrthoPro workflow, such as the project area coordinates, pixel size, rotation angle, ISPM project and its unorthorectified source images, product areas (index) orthorectification settings, seamlines and so on. The results were single frame images ready for mosaicking into manageable tiled orthos. The single frame orthos were checked for accuracy against the surveyed ground control before further image editing. 
Orthorectified imagery was mosaicked, locally color-balanced and cut to the tile definition boundaries using Intergraph OrthoPro software. Tiled orthophotos undergo a rigorous manual QC process to evaluate for remaining hotspots (sun reflectance over water), tone quality, color balance and the feathering area along seamlines. Any imperfections at this point were manually edited. Radiometry is verified by visual inspection of the digital orthophoto. Slight systematic radiometric differences may exist between adjacent orthoimage files; these are due primarily to differences in source image capture dates and sun angles along flight lines. These differences can be observed in an image's general lightness or darkness when it is compared to adjacent orthoimage file coverages. Tonal balancing may be performed over a group of images during the mosaicking process which may serve to lighten or darken adjacent images for better color tone matching. The final 1' GSD, tiled, 4 band (R,G,B), 16 bit, ortho images were then converted to the required GeoTIFF file format.
Each TIF was processed to replace 0 values with 1 values inside valid imagery files, then pixels not inside the valid imagery were converted to 0,0,0,0 to represent NoData values.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
RAWs, GCP, AT Report, DEM
Process_Date: 2010
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation:
Tiles
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
This step combines all of the indivdual orthophoto tiles into a composiet mosaic using the following procedure:

1. Create File Geodatabase (FGB)
2. Create a new raster dataset (theMosiac) to mosaic into:
a. Output location/name = FGB/theMosaic
b. Cellsize = 1
c. Pixel Type = 16 bit unsigned
d. Spatial Ref = CTSP NAD83 ft
e. Bands = 4
f. Environment settings/Raster Storage:
i. Config Keyword  = omit, leave blank
ii. Build Pyramids = yes
iii. Pyramids Levels = 1 2
iv. Pyramid resampling = Bilinear
v. Tile Size:  accept defaults
vi. Compression = JPEG2000
vii.Compression Quality = 40
viii. Pyramid Reference Pt: 687800, 1015180
3. From theMosaic, load reprocessed TIFFs:
a. Mosiac Method = Last (default)
b. Mosaic  Colormap = First (default)
c. Background value = 0
d. No Data value = omit, leave blank
e. Convert 1 bit to 8 bit = omit, leave blank
f. Mosaic tolerance = 0 (default)
g. Color matching = none (default)
h. Environment settings/Raster Storage:
i. Build Pyramids = yes
ii. Pyramid Levels = 12
iii. Pyramid resampling = Bilinear
iv. Calculate statistics = yes, accept defaults
v. Compression = JPEG2000
vi. Compression Quality = 40
vii. Tile Size = accept defaults
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
TILES
Process_Date: 2011
Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation:
MOSAIC
Cloud_Cover: 0
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Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:
Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
Row_Count: 392700
Column_Count: 510400
Vertical_Count: 1
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Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Map_Projection:
Map_Projection_Name: Lambert Conformal Conic
Lambert_Conformal_Conic:
Lambert Conformal Conic
Standard_Parallel: 41.200000
Standard_Parallel: 41.866667
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -72.750000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 40.833333
False_Easting: 999999.999996
False_Northing: 499999.999998
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 1.000000
Ordinate_Resolution: 1.000000
Planar_Distance_Units: survey feet
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Altitude_System_Definition:
Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Altitude_Resolution: 1
Altitude_Distance_Units: Feet
Altitude_Encoding_Method: Implicit coordinate
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Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: 2005_photocenters
Entity_Type_Definition:
Color orthophotos are comprised of RGB and NIR bands.
Entity_Type_Definition_Source:
None
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Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: State of Connecticut, Department of Enviromental Protection
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
79 Elm St.
City: Hartford
State_or_Province: CT
Postal_Code: 06106-5127
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 860-424-3034
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 860-424-4054
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dep.gisdata@po.state.ct.us
Hours_of_Service: Monday to Friday, 08:30 to 16:30 Eastern Standard Time
Resource_Description: 2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography
Distribution_Liability:
The data is in the public domain and may be redistributed.  No restrictions or legal prerequisites for using the data. The data is suitable for use at appropriate scale, and is not intended for maps printed at scales greater or more detailed than 1:12,000 scale (1 inch = 1,000 feet). Although this data set has been used by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection as to the accuracy of the data and or related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection in the use of these data or related materials. The user assumes the entire risk related to the use of these data. Once the data is distributed to the user, modifications made to the data by the user should be noted in the metadata. When printing this data on a map or using it in a software application, analysis, or report, please acknowledge the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection as the source for this information. For example, include the following data source description when printing this layer on a map: "2010 Connecticut Multispectral Coastal Digital Orthophotography, compiled by PhotoScience, Inc. and published by the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection. Source map scale is 1:12,000."
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: RPF
Transfer_Size: 0.000
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: http://www.ct.gov/deep
Fees: Copies of the data may be accessed without charge.
Custom_Order_Process:
The data distributor does not provide custom GIS analysis or mapping services. Data is available in a standard format and may be converted to other formats, projections, coordinate systems, or selected for specific geographic regions by the party receiving the data.
Technical_Prerequisites:
Geographic information sytem (GIS), computer-aided drawing or other mapping software is necessary to display, view and access the information.
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Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20120119
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection
Contact_Person: Kevin O'Brien
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address:
79 Elm St.
City: Hartford
State_or_Province: CT
Postal_Code: 06106-5127
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 860-424-3034
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 860-424-4054
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dep.gisdata@po.state.ct.us
Hours_of_Service: Monday to Friday, 08:30 to 16:30 Eastern Standard Time
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
Metadata_Security_Information:
Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None
Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified
Metadata_Security_Handling_Description:
None
Metadata_Extensions:
Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile
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