Process description: Source Imagery - ADS40 Digital Camera Imagery.
Control - Airborne GPS/IMU supplemented with photo identifiable field control.
Aerotriangulation - ISTAR software package.
Elevation Model - ISTAR software package.
Radiometric Balancing - ISTAR software package and COTS Software (PhotoShop).
Orthorectification - ISTAR software package.
Mosaic - ISTAR software package and Z/I Imaging OrthoPro software package.
The following section describes the ISTAR digital image production sequence. This is a mature, stable workflow and incorporates all production components into an integrated series of tools to accomplish photogrammetric mensuration, aerotriangulation, elevation model development, ortho production and finishing. Production processes are fully documented in accordance with ISO9001 mandates.
The following is a step-by-step description of the ISTAR workflow to develop digital orthophoto quarter quads.
Step 1
The unprocessed ADS40 data and accompanying GPS and IMU data for one or more sorties was downloaded from the portable hard disks and checked to verify that no files were corrupted and that all data could be downloaded. Digital aerial imagery that was used for this project includes the Red, Green, Blue, Near Infrared channels as well as the S1 pan, S2 pan and nadir green channels. Sample segments of the imagery were inspected in an uncorrected state to verify the integrity of each data sortie.
Step 2
The GPS/IMU parameters for each sortie were optimized using the ground control points and the error calibration map. The horizontal and vertical positions of all ground control points in the block were observed in each channel (R,G,B, IR, R, G, S1 Pan, S2 Pan).
Step 3
Aerotriangulation was accomplished using the CLB tool that is a component of the ISTAR process. The ground control, GPS and IMU information were ingested and tie points between strips were identified. Normally, only 3 tie points are needed between adjacent flight lines.
Step 4
CLB produces a bundle adjustment for each data sortie. The results of the adjustment were verified through the development of a sub-sampled panchromatic mosaic for the data sortie. The mosaic was corrected using the aerotriangulation points only. This mosaic was inspected by the photogrammetric technician to identify any gross errors in the adjustment as well as the identification of any voids or image quality problems.
Step 5
Using several tools that are part of the ISTAR workflow, a digital surface model (DSM) is correlated at a post spacing of 2 meters depending on terrain and land cover. The ISTAR correlation algorithm computes the X,Y,Z value for each DSM post utilizing every stereo angle that is available. A series of DSM files are created for acquisition block, one for each stereo look angle. A mosaic is then created from the separate DSM files where the best vertical value for each posting is selected from all look angles compared against the aerotriangulation adjustment which is incorporated into the mosaic. EarthData will then edit the surface to the level required to support the orthophoto production.
Step 6
The digital imagery for each acquisition sortie was differentially rectified to produce digital orthophoto mosaics in natural color and false color infrared renditions at a resolution of 0.50-meter per pixel. The orthophoto mosaics were inspected for accuracy issues that fall in the following categories -
- Aerotriangulation related
- DSM related
Accuracy issues were investigated through review and correction of the DEM or triangulation adjustment. Once the imagery passed quality control review, final radiometric adjustments were performed to create a uniform overall appearance. The final DOQQ tiles were organized for nominal 3.75 by 3.75 minute areas corresponding to the USGS quarter quad boundaries and were clipped out with the specified overage of a minimum of 30 meters beyond the quarter quad boundaries.
Imagery was output in the folowing formats -
24-bit natural color GeoTIFF images
24-bit false color infrared GeoTIFF images
Step 7
The completed digital orthophotos were checked for image quality. Minor artifacts were corrected using Adobe Photoshop in an interactive editing session. Digital files were assigned final names based on the National Grid.
Step 8
Project level metadata describing the orthophoto production process was developed to support the task.
GPS ground control
Title: Ground Control Survey of Coastal Connecticut
Originators: Terrasurv Inc.
Publication date: 20041223 Publication time: Unknown
Data type: model
Media: digital tape media
Source contribution: Terrasurv Inc. established ground control to support the aerotriangulation process. A total of 16 points were surveyed to support the AT process.
Beginning date: 20040927
Ending date: 20040928
Currentness reference: ground condition
digital surface model
Title: Coastal Connecticut Digital Surface Model
Originators: EarthData International
Publication date: 20041223 Publication time: Unknown
Data type: model
Media: digital
Source contribution: Used to provide ground elevations for the orthorectification process.
Date: 20041223
Currentness reference: publication date
imagery
Title: ADS40 Digital Imagery
Originators: EarthData International, LLC
Publication date: 20041223 Publication time: Unknown
Data type: remote-sensing image
Media: digital
Source contribution: The digital imagery mission was composed of a total of 2 lifts. Imagery was obtained at an altitude of 15,750 feet above mean terrain. The mission was flown with a Leica ADS40 digital camera with ABGPS and IMU.
Imagery was acquired on the following dates -
Lift Date
26404B 09/20/2004
26604A 09/22/2004
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Grid_Coordinate_System:
Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
UTM_Zone_Number: 18
Transverse_Mercator:
Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -075.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: +00.000000
False_Easting: 500000.0
False_Northing: 0.0
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 0.50
Ordinate_Resolution: 0.50
Planar_Distance_Units: Meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.2572221
Beginning date: 20040920
Ending date: 20040922
Currentness reference: ground condition